يمكنك صنع جهاز ارسال اف ام بقوة 4 واط و بامكانه الإرسال حتى 4 كيلومتر

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Copyright of this circuit belongs to smart kit
electronics. In this page we will use this circuit to discuss
for improvements and we will introduce some changes based on
original schematic.

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Modulation type: ........ FM
Frequency range: .... 88-108 MHz
Working voltage: ..... 12-18 VDC
Maximum current: ....... 450 mA
Output power: ............
</blockquote> </blockquote> </blockquote> </blockquote> </blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote> </blockquote> </blockquote> </blockquote> [size=9]As it has already been mentioned the transmitted signal is Frequency Modulated (FM)which means that the carrier�s amplitude stays constant and its frequency variesaccording to the amplitude variations of the audio signal. When the input signal�samplitude increases (i.e. during the positive half cycles) the frequency of the carrierincreases too, on the other hand when the input signal decreases in amplitude (negative
<blockquote> half-cycle or no signal) the carrier frequency decreases accordingly. In figure 1 you can
see a graphic representation of Frequency Modulation as it would appear on an oscilloscope
screen, together with the modulating AF signal. The output frequency the transmitter is
adjustable from 88 to 108 MHz which is the FM band that is used for radio broadcasting.
The circuit as we have already mentioned consists of four stages. Three RF stages and one
audio preamplifier for the modulation. The first RF stage is an oscillator and is built
around TR1. The frequency of the oscillator is controlled by the LC network L1-C15. C7 is
there to ensure that the circuit continues oscillating and C8 adjusts the coupling between
the oscillator and the next RF stage which is an amplifier. This is built around TR2 which
operates in class C and is tuned by means of L2 and C9. The last RF stage is also an
amplifier built around TR3 which operates in class C the input of which is tuned by means
of C10 and L4. From the output of this last stage which is tuned by means of L3-C12 is
taken the output signal which through the tuned circuit L5-C11 goes to the aerial.
The circuit of the preamplifier is very simple and is built around TR4. The input
sensitivity of the stage is adjustable in order to make it possible to use the transmitter
with different input signals and depends upon the setting of VR1. As it is the transmitter
can be modulated directly with a piezoelectric microphone, a small cassette recorder etc.
It is of course possible to use an audio mixer in the input for more professional results.


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Construction

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First of all let us consider a few basics in building electronic circuits on a printed
circuit board. The board is made of a thin insulating material clad with a thin layer of
conductive copper that is shaped in such a way as to form the necessary conductors between
the various components of the circuit. The use of a properly designed printed circuit
board is very desirable as it speeds construction up considerably and reduces the
possibility of making errors. Smart Kit boards also come pre-drilled and with the outline
of the components and their identification printed on the component side to make
construction easier. To protect the board during storage from oxidation and assure it gets
to you in perfect condition the copper is tinned during manufacturing and covered with a
special varnish that protects it from getting
oxidised and also makes soldering easier. Soldering the components to the board is the
only way to build your circuit and from the way you do it depends greatly your success or
failure. This work is not very difficult and if you stick to a few rules you should have
no problems. The soldering iron that you use must be light and its power should not exceed
the 25 Watts. The tip should be fine and must be kept clean at all times. For this purpose
come very handy specially made sponges that are kept wet and from time to time you can
wipe the hot tip on them to remove all the residues that tend to accumulate on it.
DO NOT file or sandpaper a dirty or worn out tip. If the tip cannot be cleaned,
replace it. There are many different types of solder in the market and you should choose a
good quality one that contains the necessary flux in its core, to assure a perfect joint
every time.
DO NOT use soldering flux apart from that which is already included in your solder. Too
much flux can cause many problems and is one of the main causes of circuit malfunction. If
nevertheless you have to use extra flux, as it is the case when you have to tin copper
wires, clean it very thoroughly after you finish your work. In order to solder a component
correctly you should do the following:
- Clean the component leads with a small piece of emery paper.
Bend them at the correct distance from the component�s body and insert the component in
its place on the board.
- You may find sometimes a component with heavier gauge leads than usual, that are too
thick to enter in the holes of the p.c. board. In this case use a mini drill to enlarge
the holes slightly.
- Do not make the holes too large as this is going to make soldering difficult afterwards.

- Take the hot iron and place its tip on the component lead while holding the end of the
solder wire at the point where the lead emerges from the board. The iron tip must touch
the lead slightly above the p.c. board. - When the solder starts to melt and flow wait
till it covers evenly the area around the hole and the flux boils and gets out from
underneath the solder. The whole operation should not take more than 5 seconds. Remove the
iron and allow the solder to cool naturally without blowing on it or moving the component.
If everything was done properly the surface of the joint must have a bright metallic
finish and its edges should be smoothly ended on the component lead and the board track.
If the solder looks dull, cracked, or has the shape of a blob then you have made a dry
joint and you should remove the solder (with a pump, or a solder wick) and redo it.
- Take care not to overheat the tracks as it is very easy to lift them from the board and
break them.
- When you are soldering a sensitive component it is good practice to hold the lead from
the component side of the board with a pair of long-nose pliers to divert any heat that
could possibly damage the component.
- Make sure that you do not use more solder than it is necessary as you are running the
risk of short-circuiting adjacent tracks on the board, especially if they are very close
together.
- When you finish your work cut off the excess of the component leads and
clean the board thoroughly with a suitable solvent to remove all flux residues that may
still remain on it.

This is an RF project and this calls for even more care during soldering as sloppiness
during construction can mean low or no output at all, low stability and other problems.
Make sure that you follow the general rules about electronic circuit construction outlined
above and double-check everything before going to the next step. All the components are
clearly marked on the component side of the P.C. board and you should have no difficulty
in locating and placing them. Solder first of all the pins, and continue with the coils
taking care not to deform them, the RFC�s, the resistors, the capacitors and finally the
electrolytic and the trimmers. Make sure that the electrolytic are correctly placed with
respect to their polarity and that the trimmers are not overheated during soldering. At
this point stop for a good inspection of the work done so far and if you see that
everything is OK go on and solder the transistors in their places taking grate care not to
overheat them as they are the most sensitive of all the components used in the project.
The audio frequency input is at points 1 (ground) and 2 (signal), the power supply is
connected at points 3 (-) and 4 (+) and the antenna is connected at points 5 (ground) and
6 (signal). As we have already mentioned the signal you use for the modulation of the
transmitter could be the output of a preamplifier or mixer or in case you only want to
modulate it with voice you can use the piezoelectric microphone supplied with the Kit.
(The quality of this microphone is not very good but it is quite adequate if you are
interested in speech only.) As an antenna you can use an open dipole or a Ground Plane.
Before you start using the transmitter or every time you change its working frequency you
must follow the procedure described below which is called alignment.

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Parts List

R1 = 220K
R2 = 4,7K
R3 = R4 = 10K
R5 = 82 Ohm
R = 150Ohm 1/2W x2 *
VR1 = 22K trimmer

C1 = C2 = 4,7uF 25V electrolytic
C3 = C13 = 4,7nF ceramic
C4 = C14 = 1nF ceramic
C5 = C6 = 470pF ceramic
C7 = 11pF ceramic
C8 = 3-10pF trimmer
C9 = C12 = 7-35pF trimmer
C10 = C11 = 10-60pF trimmer
C15 = 4-20pF trimmer
C16 = 22nF ceramic *


L1 = 4 turns of silver
coated wire at 5,5mm diameter
L2 = 6 turns of silver
coated wire at 5,5mm diameter

L3 = 3 turns of silver
coated wire at 5,5mm diameter

L4 = printed on PCB
L5 = 5
turns of silver coated wire at 7,5mm diameter

RFC1=RFC2=RFC3= VK200 RFC tsok

TR1 = TR2 = 2N2219 NPN
TR3 = 2N3553 NPN
TR4 = BC547/BC548 NPN
D1 = 1N4148 diode *
MIC = crystalic microphone

Note: Parts marked with * are used for the tune-up of the
transmitter in case you have not a stationary wave bridge.
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Adjustments

If you expect your transmitter to be able to deliver its maximum output at any time you
must align all the RF stages in order to ensure that you get the best energy transfer
between them. There are two ways to do this and it depends if you have a SWR meter or not
which method you are going to follow. If you have a SWR meter turn the transmitter on,
having connected the SWR meter in its output in series with the antenna, and turn C15 in
order to tune the oscillator to the frequency you have chosen for your broad casts. Then
start adjusting the trimmers C8,9,10,12 and 11 in this order till you get the maximum
output power in the SWR meter. For those who don�t have a SWR meter there is another
method which gives quite satisfactory results. You only have to build the little circuit
in Fig. 2 which is connected in the out put of the transmitter and in its output (across
C16) you connect your multi-tester having selected a suitable VOLTS scale. You tune C15 in
the desired frequency and then adjust the other trimmers in the same order as it is
described above for the maximum output in the multitester. The disadvantage of this method
is that you do not align the transmitter with a real antenna connected in its output and
it may be necessary to make slight adjustments to C11 and C12 for a perfect antenna match.

Do not forget to align your transmitter every time you change your aerial or your working
frequency.

</blockquote><blockquote>[size=9]Smart kits are sold as stand alone training kits.
If they are used as part of a larger assembly and any damage is caused, our company bears
no responsibility.

While using electrical parts, handle power supply and equipment with great care,
following safety standards as described by international specs and regulations.

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- Check your work for possible dry joints, bridges across adjacent tracks or soldering
<blockquote> flux residues that usually cause problems.
Check again all the external connections to and from the circuit to see if there is a
mistake there.
- See that there are no components missing or inserted in the wrong places.

- Make sure that all the polarised components have been soldered the right way round.

- Make sure that the supply has the correct voltage and is connected the right way round
to your circuit.
- Check your project for faulty or damaged components.
If everything checks and your project still fails to work, please contact your retailer
and the Smart Kit Service will repair it for you.

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Electronic Diagram.